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CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
Stepper online in Pakistan…
Stepper online in Pakistan CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
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Decline in the transport emission due to CNG program.
Decline in the transport emission due to CNG program.
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Stepper online in Pakistan Natural gas consumption by transport sector.+10
Stepper online in PakistanNatural gas consumption by transport sector.
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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attachedcopy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial researchand Stepper online in Pakistanher uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling orlicensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third partywebsites are prohibited.In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of thearticle (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website orinstitutional repository. Authors requiring further informationregarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies areencouraged to visit:http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights
Author's personal copyDevelopment of natural gas as a vehicular fuel in Pakistan: Issues andprospectsMuhammad Imran Khana,*, Tabassum Yasminb,1aMari Petroleum Company Ltd., G10/4, 3rd Road, Islamabad 44000, PakistanbMechanical Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistanarticle infoArticle history:Received 28 June 2013Received in revised form15 January 2014Accepted 16 January 2014Available online 5 February 2014Keywords:CNGEmissionsVehicleFuelPakistanNatural gasabstractIn a step towards adopting environment friendly fuel and to save foreign exchange, Compressed NaturalGas (CNG) was introduced by the Government of Pakistan in the country in 1992. Due to available pricedifferential between CNG and gasoline/diesel and investor friendly policy and regulatory framework,CNG sector has shown tremendous growth over the last ten year in the country. This growing demand ofnatural gas by CNG sector, results in gas shortages in the country. This paper describes the key steps inthe development of CNG as transportation fuel in Pakistan. The present scenario of the CNG industryincluding the natural gas vehicles (NGVs) population growth and the expansion of CNG refilling stationsare discussed. Various aspects of the CNG program in Pakistan, for example environmental benefits,economic benefits and problems associated with CNG industry of Pakistan are illustrated.Ó2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionThe word is turning to replace gasoline and petroleum basedenergy, which is showing a rising trend in price. Around the world awidespread research is carried out to investigate that CNG is goodfor the customer and kind to the environment, while making thecountry into more fuel sovereign state. A growing number ofcountries around the world are jumping on the moving train tomake use of CNG, because of various advantages. The entire creditfor this goes to New Zealand, which in 1980s launched CNG pro-grams on a commercial scale successfully. It seen that CNG is theanswer to the world, in the hunt for alternative transportation fuel.Today CNG programs are being pursued in more than 86 countriesand Pakistan stands 2nd in the world tally in terms of NGVs (1stIran) & fillings stations (1st China) (Statistics and Europe, 2013).2. Background CNG program in PakistanThe foundation-stone of CNG program in Pakistan was laiddown by HDIP (Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan)through the establishment of CNG refilling stations at Karachi in1982. In 1992, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources ofPakistan, announced the CNG Rules of 1992, which commercial-ized CNG as a transportation fuel in the country. The programreally picked up in 1998 when the government declared a twoyear goal of establishing 150 CNG stations and conversion of100,000 vehicles.Keeping in view the lack of domestic fuels, a large space alwaysexisted in the country for the development of alternative trans-portation fuels, particularly natural gas, which is locally available ata low cost, while a widespread infrastructure for transmission anddistribution of natural gas is already in position.3. Statistics of Pakistan’s CNG industryDue to Government’s consumer friendly policy, ample regu-latory framework and extensive efforts, CNG industry hasdeveloped significantly at an unprecedented rate of around 52.5%per annum during the last few years. Currently the country has6.167 million total number of register vehicles (Pakistan National,2010), out of which there are 3,100,167 (89%) vehicle has beenrunning on CNG while the rest, which includes buses, trucks, andtwo wheelers, three wheelers etc, are using gasoline and diesel.Table 1 depicts the statistical highlight of natural gas vehicles eNGVs in Pakistan.*Corresponding author. Tel.: þ92 3469261649.E-mail addresses: imran.khan@mpcl.com.pk (M.I. Khan), tabassum@nwfpuet.edu.pk (T. Yasmin).1Tel.: þ92 3459218769.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineeringjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jngse1875-5100/$ esee front matter Ó2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2014.01.006Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 17 (2014) 99e109
